MASH stands for metabolic dysfunction-associated steatohepatitis, characterized by hepatocyte injury (ballooning) and inflammation on the basis of hepatic steatosis, often accompanied by varying degrees of fibrosis. MASH is commonly driven by a combination of metabolic abnormalities such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia. It is classified into two types: primary and secondary. Primary MASH is directly associated with insulin resistance and genetic susceptibility, while secondary MASH can be induced by certain medications (e.g., tamoxifen, valproic acid), rapid weight loss, or parenteral nutrition. The progression risk varies among different types of MASH.

HF   Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by impaired ventricular filling or ejection capacity due to structural or functional abnormalities of the heart, resulting in an inability to meet the body's metabolic demands. Clinically, it is commonly classified according to left ventricular ejection fraction into heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF), and heart failure with mid-range ejection fraction (HFmrEF). Heart failure can be divided into primary and secondary types: primary heart failure is mostly caused by intrinsic myocardial disorders (such as myocarditis or cardiomyopathy), while secondary heart failure is frequently associated with conditions like coronary artery disease, hypertension, valvular heart disease, and arrhythmias. The underlying causes vary among different types of heart failure.

HTN   Hypertension refers to a cardiovascular syndrome characterized primarily by elevated blood pressure in the systemic arteries. It is usually diagnosed when the systolic blood pressure is ≥ 140 mmHg and/or the diastolic blood pressure is ≥ 90 mmHg as measured on three different non-consecutive days. Based on the cause, it can be classified into two types: primary hypertension, which is often related to factors such as genetics, obesity, high-salt diet, and mental stress; and secondary hypertension, which is commonly caused by kidney diseases, renal artery stenosis, endocrine diseases (such as aldosterone excess syndrome, pheochromocytoma), etc. The causes of different types of hypertension are not exactly the same.